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Percentage of Steel in Concrete  The percentage of steel in concrete depends on the type of structural element (e.g., slab, beam, column, or footing) and the design requirements . Here's a general guide used in civil engineering: ✅ Typical Steel Percentage in Concrete (by volume of concrete): Structural Element Percentage of Steel (%) Slab 0.7% – 1.0% Beam 1.0% – 2.5% Column 1.0% – 4.0% Footing 0.5% – 0.8% 📌 Notes: These are approximate values used for estimation or thumb rules. Exact steel requirement must be calculated using structural design as per relevant codes (e.g., IS 456:2000 in India). Percentage is usually taken based on volume of concrete . 💡 Example: If you are constructing a slab of 1 m³ concrete : Steel required = 1% of 1 m³ = 0.01 m³ of steel Since density of steel = 7850 kg/m³, Steel weight = 0.01 × 7850 = 78.5 kg

 AutoCAD में DWT फ़ाइल एक Template (नमूना) फ़ाइल होती है जिसका उपयोग नए ड्रॉइंग (DWG) फ़ाइल बनाने के लिए किया जाता है। इसमें पहले से तय की गई सेटिंग्स होती हैं, जिससे बार-बार सेटिंग करने की जरूरत नहीं पड़ती। DWT फ़ाइल में क्या-क्या हो सकता है? यूनिट्स (Metric या Imperial) लेयर्स और उनकी Properties टेक्स्ट स्टाइल और Dimension स्टाइल टाइटल ब्लॉक और बॉर्डर Plot settings (प्रिंटिंग के लिए) Blocks और Linetypes AutoCAD में DWT फ़ाइल का उपयोग कैसे करें? 1. नई ड्रॉइंग बनाने के लिए: AutoCAD खोलें और New पर क्लिक करें (या Ctrl + N दबाएँ)। DWT टेम्पलेट फ़ाइल चुनें और OK करें। 2. अपना खुद का DWT टेम्पलेट बनाना: एक ड्रॉइंग फ़ाइल खोलें और उसमें अपनी पसंद के अनुसार लेयर्स, टेक्स्ट, टाइटल ब्लॉक, आदि सेट करें। SAVEAS कमांड टाइप करें। फ़ाइल टाइप में AutoCAD Drawing Template (*.dwt) चुनें और सेव करें। 3. Default DWT फ़ाइल कहाँ सेव होती है? C:\Users\<आपका नाम>\AppData\Local\Autodesk\AutoCAD <version>\Rxx.x\enu\Template\ 4. QNEW (Quick Ne...

  📍 What is Zenith?  शीर्षबिंदु In surveying, Zenith refers to the point in the sky directly above your instrument or head — a 90-degree vertical angle from the horizontal plane.      Zenith (0°)   शीर्षबिंदु          |          |          |  (45°)          |  ---------+---------  (90° Horizontal line)          |          |  (135°)          |   Nadir (180°) पतन Zenith = The point directly above your position. Zenith Angle = The vertical angle between the zenith and your target. 📏 T-P Corr. = Temperature & Pressure Correction In Nikon Total Station , T-P Corr. stands for Temperature-Pressure Correction . It’s a setting that helps correct the distance measurement based on the real environmental conditions — specifically: 🌡️ Te...

  Deccan’s Formula for Drain Design Deccan’s Formula for Drain Design is an empirical formula widely used in India for designing small to medium surface drains, especially in semi-arid regions like the Deccan plateau. It is primarily used to estimate the discharge (Q) of stormwater or surface runoff from an area, and accordingly design an open channel or drain to carry this discharge safely. 🔹 Deccan’s Formula: The formula is expressed as: Q = C ⋅ A 3 / 4 Q = C \cdot A^{3/4} Q = C ⋅ A 3/4 Where: Q Q = Peak discharge (in cubic feet per second or cusecs) A A = Drainage area (in acres) C C = Runoff coefficient (depends on land use, soil type, slope, etc.) 🔍 Explanation of Terms: 1. Peak Discharge (Q) : This is the maximum expected rate of flow of water (due to rainfall or storm) at a certain location in the drainage system. It is critical for designing the capacity of the drain. 2. Drainage Area (A) : The area from which the surface runoff is collected an...

  Common Concrete Grades and Their Strength oncrete grades represent the strength and composition of concrete and are denoted in terms of MPa (megapascals) of compressive strength at 28 days. The grade is expressed as M followed by a number (e.g., M20, M25, etc.), where "M" stands for "Mix" and the number indicates the strength in MPa. Common Concrete Grades and Their Strength Grade Mix Ratio (Cement : Sand : Aggregate) Strength (MPa) Water-Cement (W/C) Ratio M5 1 : 5 : 10 5 MPa 0.60 – 0.75 M7.5 1 : 4 : 8 7.5 MPa 0.60 – 0.75 M10 1 : 3 : 6 10 MPa 0.50 – 0.60 M15 1 : 2 : 4 15 MPa 0.50 – 0.60 M20 1 : 1.5 : 3 20 MPa 0.45 – 0.55 M25 1 : 1 : 2 25 MPa 0.40 – 0.50 M30 Design ...